ORIGINE DELLA LINGUA INGLESE
english is a Germanic language that is part of the Indo-European language family. And 'the second most spoken language in the world, let's see the origins
To trace the history of the English language have to go back in time until the arrival of 2 Germanic tribes in the British Isles during the 5 th century AD.
The Angles, Saxons crossed the North Sea from what is nowDenmark and northern Germany Britain
This was quickly replaced, and most of the Celtic speakers were pushed in the area of Wales , Cornwall , and Scotland
A group emigrated Breton coast ofFrance
Anglo-Saxon inscription dated between 450 and 480 AD is the oldest example of the English language.
During the next 4 centuries developed dialects of English:
Northumbrian inNorthumbria , north of the Humber
Mercian in theKingdom of Mercia
West Saxonkingdom of Wessex in
Kentish inKent
During the seventh and eighth centuries, the culture and language dominatedBritain 's Northumbria
The invasions of vichinki of 9 th century led to the end this domain (along with the destruction ofMercia Wessex
In the 10 th century, the West Saxon dialect became the official language ofBritain
The Old Italiano wrote that was known mainly to this period. It was written in an alphabet called Runic, derived from the Scandinavian languages. The Latin alphabet was brought fromIreland
At the time of the Old Italiano vocabulary consisted of a basic Anglo-Saxon terms borrowed from the Scandinavian languages. (Danish and Norwegian) and the Latin.
Latin gave English words like street, kitchen, kettle, cup, cheese, wine, angel, bishop, martyr, candle. The Vikings added many Norse words: sky, egg, cake, skin, leg, window (wind eye), husband, fellow, skill, anger, flat, odd, ugly, get, give, take, raise, call, die, They , Their, them. Celtic words also survived mainly in place names and rivers (Devon,Dover , Kent , Trent , Severn, Avon, Thames ).
Many pairs of English and Norwegian words coexisted giving us two words meaning the same or slightly different.
In 1066 theNormans conquered Britain
Since the lower-class English cooked for the Norman upper class, the words for most domestic animals are English (ox, cow, calf, sheep, swine, deer) while the words for the meats derived from them by the French ( beef, veal, mutton, pork, bacon, Venison).
The Germanic forms of the plural (houses, Housen, shoe, Shoen) were finally replaced by the French method of forming the plural by adding an s (house, houses, shoe, shoes).
Only a few words have retained their Germanic plurals: men, oxen, feet, teeth, children.
The French have also influenced the spelling so that the sound of the CW was written as qu (example:. Cween became queen).
It was only in the fourteenth century that the English came to dominate again inBritain
In 1399 King Henry IV became the first king ofEngland
At the end of 14 th century, the dialect ofLondon
To trace the history of the English language have to go back in time until the arrival of 2 Germanic tribes in the British Isles during the 5 th century AD.
The Angles, Saxons crossed the North Sea from what is now
This was quickly replaced, and most of the Celtic speakers were pushed in the area of
A group emigrated Breton coast of
Anglo-Saxon inscription dated between 450 and 480 AD is the oldest example of the English language.
During the next 4 centuries developed dialects of English:
Northumbrian in
Mercian in the
West Saxon
Kentish in
During the seventh and eighth centuries, the culture and language dominated
The invasions of vichinki of 9 th century led to the end this domain (along with the destruction of
In the 10 th century, the West Saxon dialect became the official language of
The Old Italiano wrote that was known mainly to this period. It was written in an alphabet called Runic, derived from the Scandinavian languages. The Latin alphabet was brought from
At the time of the Old Italiano vocabulary consisted of a basic Anglo-Saxon terms borrowed from the Scandinavian languages. (Danish and Norwegian) and the Latin.
Latin gave English words like street, kitchen, kettle, cup, cheese, wine, angel, bishop, martyr, candle. The Vikings added many Norse words: sky, egg, cake, skin, leg, window (wind eye), husband, fellow, skill, anger, flat, odd, ugly, get, give, take, raise, call, die, They , Their, them. Celtic words also survived mainly in place names and rivers (Devon,
Many pairs of English and Norwegian words coexisted giving us two words meaning the same or slightly different.
In 1066 the
Since the lower-class English cooked for the Norman upper class, the words for most domestic animals are English (ox, cow, calf, sheep, swine, deer) while the words for the meats derived from them by the French ( beef, veal, mutton, pork, bacon, Venison).
The Germanic forms of the plural (houses, Housen, shoe, Shoen) were finally replaced by the French method of forming the plural by adding an s (house, houses, shoe, shoes).
Only a few words have retained their Germanic plurals: men, oxen, feet, teeth, children.
The French have also influenced the spelling so that the sound of the CW was written as qu (example:. Cween became queen).
It was only in the fourteenth century that the English came to dominate again in
In 1399 King Henry IV became the first king of
At the end of 14 th century, the dialect of
The Modern Italiano began around the 16 th century and, like all languages, is still changing. A change began when some forms became th (loveth, loves: hath, has). Even the auxiliary verbs have changed (He Is Risen, he has Risen).
The historical influence of the language in theBritish Isles it can be seen in place names and their derivations.
Examples include ac (as in Acton, Oakwood) which is oak (oak) in the Anglo-Saxon, by (as inWhitby ) which is farm or village (farm or country) in Old Norse; Pwll (as in Liverpool) is anchorage (anchor) in Welsh, baile (as in Balmoral) farm or village that is always in Gaelic; ceaster (as in Lancaster
Since the sixteenth century, because the British had contact with other people from around the world, learning classical and Renaissance, many words have entered the language, both directly and indirectly. It created new words to an increasing extent.
Shakespeare coined over 1600 words. This process has grown exponentially in the modern era.
The historical influence of the language in the
Examples include ac (as in Acton, Oakwood) which is oak (oak) in the Anglo-Saxon, by (as in
Since the sixteenth century, because the British had contact with other people from around the world, learning classical and Renaissance, many words have entered the language, both directly and indirectly. It created new words to an increasing extent.
Shakespeare coined over 1600 words. This process has grown exponentially in the modern era.
Loanwords included the names of animals (giraffes, tiger, zebra), clothing (pajama, turban, shawl), food (spinach, chocolate, orange), scientific and mathematical terms (algebra, geography, species), beverages (tea, coffee , cider), religious terms (Jesus, Islam, nirvana), sports (checkmate, golf, billiards), vehicles (chariot, car, coach), music and art (piano, theater, easel), weapons (pistol, trigger, rifle ), political and military terms (commando, admiral, parliament), and astronomical names (Saturn, Leo, Uranus).
The languages that have contributed new words to English include Latin, greek, French, German, Arabic, the 'Hindi (India ), Italian, Malay, Dutch, being (Iran and Afghanistan ), the Nahuatl (Aztec language), Sanskrit (ancient India ), Portuguese, Spanish, Tupi (from South America) and Ewe (from Africa ).
The list of loanwords is so huge!
The vocabulary of English is the largest of any other language.
But even with all these loans at the heart of the Old Saxon language remains the Anglo Italiano.
Only about 5000 words more or less from this period have remained unchanged, but those that still include the basic building blocks of language include: words of 'common use, parts of the body, common animals, natural Elmenteita, most of the pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and auxiliary verbs
The languages that have contributed new words to English include Latin, greek, French, German, Arabic, the 'Hindi (
The list of loanwords is so huge!
The vocabulary of English is the largest of any other language.
But even with all these loans at the heart of the Old Saxon language remains the Anglo Italiano.
Only about 5000 words more or less from this period have remained unchanged, but those that still include the basic building blocks of language include: words of 'common use, parts of the body, common animals, natural Elmenteita, most of the pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and auxiliary verbs
TRADUZIONE
L'inglese è una lingua germanica che fa parte della famiglia delle lingue indoeuropee. E' la seconda lingua al mondo più parlata, vediamone le origini:
Per vedere la storia della lingua inglese bisogna andare indietro nel tempo fino all’arrivo di 2 tribù germaniche nelle isole britanniche durante il 5° secolo dopo Cristo.
Gli Angli, i Sassoni attraversarono il mare del nord da quella che è l’attuale Danimarca, e dal nord della Germania. Gli abitanti della Bretagna precedentemente parlavano la lingua celtica.
Questa venne velocemente soppiantata, e la maggior parte dei parlanti celti venne sospinta nella zona del Galles, Cornovaglia, e Scozia.
Un gruppo emigrò sulla costa Bretone della Francia dove i loro discendenti parlano ancora la lingua celtica dei Bretoni. Gli angli vennero chiamati così da Engle, la loro terra d’origine; la loro lingua veniva chiamata Englisc, da cui deriva la parola English.
Un’iscrizione anglosassone datata tra il 450 e il 480 dopo Cristo è l’esemplare più antico di lingua inglese.
Durante i successivi secoli si svilupparono 4 dialetti d’inglese:
Northumbrian in Northumbria
Mercian nel Regno di Mercia
West Saxon nel Regno del Wessex
Kentish nel Kent
Durante i secoli settimo e ottavo, la cultura e la lingua della Northumbria dominarono la Bretagna.
Le invasioni dei vichinki del 9° secolo portarono alla fine questo dominio (assieme alla distruzione della Mercia). Solo il Wessex rimase un regno indipendente.
Nel 10° secolo, il dialetto sassone occidentale divenne la lingua ufficiale della Bretagna.
L’Old English scritto che conosciuto risale principalmente a questo periodo. Veniva scritto in un alfabeto chiamato runico, derivante dalle lingue scandinave. L’alfabeto latino venne portato dall’Irlanda dai missionari cristiani. Questo è rimasto il sistema di scrittura dell’inglese.
All’epoca il vocabolario dell’Old English consisteva di una base anglosassone con termini presi in prestito dalla lingue scandinave. (Danese e Norvegese) e il Latino.
Il latino diede all’inglese parole come street, kitchen, kettle, cup, cheese, wine, angel, bishop, martyr, candle. I vichinghi aggiunsero molte parole norvegesi: sky, egg, cake, skin, leg, window (wind eye), husband, fellow, skill, anger, flat, odd, ugly, get, give, take, raise, call, die, they, their, them. Anche le parole celtiche sopravvissero, soprattutto nei nomi di luoghi e fiumi (Devon, Dover, Kent, Trent, Severn, Avon, Thames).
Molte coppie di termini inglesi e norvegesi coesistevano dandoci due parole dal significato identico o leggermente diverso.
Guardiamo l’elenco delle parole sottostante :
Norse English
Nel 1066 i normanni conquistarono la Gran Bretagna. Il francese divenne la lingua dell’aristocrazia normanna e aggiunse ulteriori vocabolari all’inglese. Così sorsero molte coppie di parole simili.
Dato che il ceto basso inglese cucinava per il ceto alto normanno, le parole per la maggior parte degli animali domestici sono inglesi (ox, cow, calf, sheep, swine, deer) mentre le parole per le carni da essi provenienti derivano dal francese (beef, veal, mutton, pork, bacon, venison).
Le forme germaniche dei plurali vennero infine rimpiazzate dal metodo francese di formare i plurali aggiungendo una s (house, houses; shoe, shoes).
Solo alcune parole hanno conservato i loro plurali germanici: men, oxen, feet, teeth, children.
I francesi hanno anche influenzato lo spelling così che il suono della cw si scrisse come qu (esempio: . cween divenne queen).
Fu solo nel XIV° secolo che l’inglese tornò a dominare nuovamente in Gran Bretagna.
Nel 1399 re Henry IV divenne il primo re d’Inghilterra la cui madrelingua fosse l’inglese dai tempi della conquista normanna.
Alla fine del 14° secolo, il dialetto di Londra emerse come il dialetto standard di quello che ora chiamiamo Middle English. Chaucer scrisse in questa lingua.Fin dal XVI° secolo, a causa del contatto che i britannici ebbero con altre persone da tutto il mondo, e il rinascimento dell’apprendimento classico, molte parole sono entrate nella lingua, sia direttamente che indirettamente. Si creavano nuove parole in misura sempre maggiore.
Shakespeare coniò oltre 1600 termini. Questo processo è cresciuto in maniera esponenziale nell’era moderna.
Le lingue che hanno contribuito con nuove parole alla lingua inglese includono il latino, il greco, il francese, il tedesco, l’arabo, l’ hindi (dall’India), l’italiano, il malese, l’olandese,il sanscrito (dall’antica India), il portoghese, lo spagnolo, il Tupi (dal sud America) e l’Ewe (dall’Africa).
La lista dei prestiti linguistici è dunque enorme !
Il vocabolario dell’inglese è il più vasto di qualunque altra lingua.
Ma anche con tutti questi prestiti il cuore della lingua rimane l’anglo sassonedell’Old English. Solo circa 5000 parole più o meno da questo periodo sono rimaste inalterate, ma quelle che comunque includono i ceppi di base della costruzione linguistica comprendono: parole d ‘ uso comune, parti del corpo, animali comuni, elmenti naturali, la maggior parte dei pronomi, preposizioni, congiunzioni e verbi ausiliari.
Fonte: wikipedia
